gustavus adolphus 30 years war

Modding. He found himself in an extraordinarily difficult position. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The whole reign of Gustavus Adolphus, from 1611, had been time of almost constant war: Sweden fought against Russia in Ingria (1611-1617), against Poland in Livonia (1617-1618 and 1621-1626) and in Prussia (1626-1629) and several times against Denmark. Sort by. It is also possible that he sought security from dangers which seemed to threaten the Swedish state and the Swedish church; that he considered his actions essentially defensive; and that he had no precise long-range plans, either economic or political, when he landed on German soil. From this moment, full-scale involvement in the German war became simply a question of time. Gustav II Adolf's success in making Sweden one of the great powers of Europe, and perhaps the most important power in the Thirty Years' War after France and Spain, was due not only to his military brilliance, but also to important institutional reforms in Sweden's government. Until 1629 Gustavus had always to reckon with the danger of a legitimist invasion from Poland and the attempted restoration of the elder Vasa line. Gustavus’s creation of the Gymnasia in the 1620s gave Sweden, for the first time, an effective provision for secondary education; his splendid munificence to the University of Uppsala gave it the financial security that was essential to its development; and his foundation of the University of Tartu provided the first centre for higher learning in the Baltic provinces. By the Truce of Altmark (Sept. 26, 1629), with the aid of French and British mediators, Poland made…. It is the aforementioned aspects that … This did not seem a likely outcome in 1630, at which time the Imperialist side did not perceive a significant Swedish threat, and Gustavus Adolphus himself invaded Germany equipped with maps only for a limited war in the north (Roberts, 1992, p. 138). The war in Russia was much more serious, and it was here that Gustavus, in a succession of difficult and indecisive campaigns, learned the rudiments of warfare. Charles had also begun a war in Russia in an attempt to put forward his younger son, Charles Philip, for the vacant Russian throne and then, when his armies were deeply committed in Russia, had rashly provoked war with Denmark. The whole reign of Gustavus Adolphus, from 1611, had been time of almost constant war: Sweden fought against Russia in Ingria (1611-1617), against Poland in Livonia (1617-1618 and 1621-1626) and in … “Lion of the North” Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years’ War: Victories and Downfall – Part II [Read Part I] This is the recounting of the dramatic life of the “The Golden King” and “The Lion of the North” Gustav Adolf, and the Swedish Empire during stormaktstiden – “the Great Power era”. Moved also by his Protestantism, he declared against the emperor and was supported by an understanding with … By annexing Ingria and Kexholm, Sweden came to possess a continuous belt of territory connecting Finland with the Swedish province of Estonia. The motives prompting his intervention have long been a subject of historical controversy. Whatever the feelings of the Protestant populations, the Protestant princes resented Swedish interference, and the refusal of George William of Brandenburg to cooperate with the Swedes thwarted Gustavus’s attempts to save Magdeburg from capture and sack at the hands of Tilly’s armies. Updates? The MILITARY HISTORY & WARFARE collection includes books from the British Library digitised by Microsoft. See more ideas about Gustavus, Thirty years' war, Arms and armour. Corrections? But from the point of view of his own country, these achievements were less significant than his domestic labours—his extraordinarily wide-ranging creative work in the fields of administrative organization, economic development, and education. In this last respect the outcome proved disappointing, but politically and strategically Stolbova was a treaty of European importance. But Adolphus was a great st… Victories in two of the wars brought new territory, expanding the Swedish empire. In 1627 Gustavus Adolphus , the “Lion of the North”, had compared the revived Roman Catholic Church to the sea … His usurpation of the throne had meant not only the expulsion of a Roman Catholic sovereign whose rule seemed to threaten Sweden’s Lutheranism but also the defeat of the aristocratic constitutionalism of the Council of State, and it had been followed by the execution of five leading members of the high aristocracy. At his death the country was exhausted by constant warfare, the monarchy was generally unpopular, and the accession of a new king seemed to offer the opportunity to extort from the crown guarantees against a recurrence of misgovernment. He saw his Polish campaigns as one aspect of the general struggle of Protestantism against the Counter-Reformation: if Sigismund were restored to the Swedish throne, the re-Catholicization of Scandinavia would follow soon after, the Habsburgs and their allies would be able to close the passage into the Baltic to Dutch shipping, and the United Netherlands might then be unable to continue their struggle against Spain. In 1630 he had defined his aims as security and indemnity, the indemnity to be a cash payment to cover his war expenses, the security to be provided by a permanent Swedish alliance with Pomerania. Home » The Thirty Years War » Gustavus Adolphus and Sweden. His object was to compel Sigismund to renounce his claims to Sweden, and he hoped to gain his end by the economic pressure that would result from Poland’s loss of access to its main export routes to western Europe. He also promoted the Swedish economy through immigration and the infusion of foreign capital. Gustavus Adolphus … They already resented Gustavus’s dictatorial methods as well as the Swedish army’s practice of making war support war. By the Peace of Knäred (1613) Sweden was forced to leave its only North Sea port, Älvsborg, in Danish hands as security for the payment of an enormous war indemnity. King Christian IV 8. Sweden emerged unscathed. The Polish war was resolved in 1629 by the Truce of Altmark, and Gustavus was at last free to turn his attention to Germany. Thus, the old security had become the new indemnity. u/Kaj121. Hans Georg von Arnim, the military commander of the Protestant troops, realized that he was militarily powerless against the superiority of the enemy and asked – or compelled, to be more specific – his employer John George of Saxony on September 11, 1631, to form an … The Form of Government of 1634 summed up these reforms in a general statute giving Sweden a central administration more modern and efficient than that of any other European country. This, however, did not happen; for the man who had drawn the charter, the chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, became, in fact, the king’s closest collaborator and remained so for the whole of the reign—a great historic partnership in which the temperaments and gifts of each supplemented those of the other. It was a solution he must certainly have contemplated, but there is no firm evidence of his attitude; probably he considered it only as a last resort. Thus the long-standing constitutional struggle between crown and aristocracy was suspended during his reign, largely because of the personality of the sovereign and the unique collaboration between himself and Oxenstierna. Gustavus Adolphus and Sweden. The prospect of success depended upon the outcome of the campaign of 1632, which was designed to cripple Bavaria as a preliminary to the conquest of Vienna in 1633. On 9 December 1594, Gustav II Adolf was born. The war left bitter hatred behind it, and Gustavus never forgot that Denmark was the national enemy and might be expected to take advantage of any Swedish weakness. He had, however, an army of unusual quality, fighting in a style new to Germany, and he combined tactical innovations with a grander concept of strategy than Europe had seen for many years. best. From the time of his birth until his coronation, his upbringing involved many lessons in politics, literature, military science, and physical development, making him physically and intellectually rounded. In the event he took Munich two years later, and although there were many setbacks his successors later threatened Vienna, while at … He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the … The king observed the spirit of the charter. As the war with Denmark was as good as lost, he set about to end it on the best possible terms. 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